Theme: museums and art galleries

LESSON 7

THEME: MUSEUMS AND ART GALLERIES

Text: Every country has museums and art galleries. Some of them are world famous. A museum is a place where various collections of works of art are displayed. There are different kinds of museums: history museums, museums of art, archaeological museums, science museums and others. I would like to tell you about some of the most famous museums in the world.
I live in Moscow, the capital of Russia and there are a lot of large museums in the city. One of the biggest museums is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts which houses one of the world's largest collections of the ancient, oriental and classical art. You can see sculptures, paintings and other works of art by world-famous artists. The museum holds one of the biggest collections of Ancient Egyptian Art.

The Tretyakov Gallery is one of the biggest art galleries in the world. It was founded by a Russian merchant, Tretyakov, who gave his private collection of paintings to Moscow. The Gallery has a great collection of works by Russian famous painters. It consists of seven departments. You can see portraits, seascapes, landscapes and other genres of painting there.
St. Petersburg, which once was the capital of Russia, is famous for its museums, too. The Hermitage is one of the biggest museums in the world. A lot of permanent and temporary exhibitions are displayed there. The museum consists of six buildings. The most famous are: Winter Palace and the Hermitage. You can see portraits of Russian tsars, Roman statues, works of Western European Art, Egyptian Art and Oriental Art there.

If you go to Great Britain you should definitely visit the British Museum in London. The museum is very big and you can see works of art in glass, stone, gold and also a few collections on natural history there.

The Tower of London is another big museum in London. It used to be a treasury, a prison, an observatory and even a zoo. The Tower of London hosts a big collection of arms and jewels.

The United States of America is famous for its museums and galleries, too. There is the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. It consists of several museums and art galleries that are free and open to the public. The National Portrait Gallery has a big collection of those who played an important role in the history and culture of the USA. The National Museum of Natural History is popular with children. The museum contains one of the world's largest scientific collection: exhibits on human culture, evolution, dinosaurs, birds, animals, sea life, meteorites, plants, rocks and minerals.

Another famous museum is the National Air and Space Museum. It houses the world's most expensive collection of aircrafts and spacecrafts. Visitors can see exhibits on the history of air crafting and watch documentaries in the IMAX movie theatre that is situated inside the building. The National Museum of American History explores America's scientific, cultural and political history. It also houses the first American flag.

All museums are very interesting to visit. Museums and art galleries give us an opportunity to learn facts about art, history and culture of different peoples and countries.
Vocabulary:
aircraft ['еэкга:й] samolyot
ancient ['einf(3)nt] qadimgi
arms [a:mz]qo’llar
consist of [kan'sist] dan iborat
definitely ['defimtli] albatta
dinosaur ['damauso:] dinozavr
display [dis'plei] ko’rsatmoq
documentary [dttkju'ment^n] hujjatli
evolution [Д:уэ'1и:Дэ)п] evolutsiya
exhibit [ig'zibit] eksponat
explore [iks'plo:] kashf etmoq
found (founded, founded) [faund] asos solmoq, topilgan
hold [hauld] tutmoq, tutib turmoq
house [haus] egallamoq, jamlamoq
merchant ['m3:tjbnt]savdogar
meteorite ['miitjarait] meteorit
observatory [ab'z3:v3tn] observatoriya
opportunity [ttpa'tjumti] imkoniyat
oriental [,o:ri'entl] sharqiy
peoples ['pi:plz] xalqlar
permanent ['рз:тэпэп1] doimiy
rock [rok] tosh, cho’qqi
seascape ['si:skeip] dengiz manzarasi
spacecraft ['speiskra:ft] kosmik kema
temporary ['temp(3)ran] vaqtinchalik
treasury ['ггез(э)п] xazina
various [Veanas] har xil
work of art ['w3:k3v'a:t] san’at asari

Questions:
1. What kinds of museums are there in the world?
2. What can you say about Moscow museums and art galleries? Which is one of the biggest galleries in the world?
3. What museums are there in St. Petersburg? Have you ever been to any of them?
4. Are there any interesting museums and galleries in London? What are they?
5. What museums are there in Washington, D.C.?
Grammar: modal perfects

As we saw in the initial lesson on modal verbs, these verbs express modality, such as possibility and probability. When used with the infinitive form of the present perfect (“have” + past participle), modal verbs indicate speculation about things in the past.

Uses

Must have

“Must have” is used to express a logical conclusion about something that occurred in the past. We are unsure of what exactly happened, but based on the evidence, we can come to some conclusion. As opposed to “might have” or “may have”, as we will see later, “must have” expresses more certainty.

Examples:

The lights are off. They must have gone out.
	I never see John and Claire together anymore. They must have separated.

	I know you love chocolate. It must have been difficult to say “no” to that piece of cake.
	John never called you last night? He must have been working late.

Frank failed the exam. He must not have been paying attention in class.

May have/Might have

“May have” and “might have” are used to express possibility in the past. The use of these two modal perfects also express uncertainty.

Examples:

	I think it may have worked but we gave up too soon.
	They might have won if their star player hadn’t been injured.

I don’t know, it might have been different if you were there.

Can’t have

“Can’t have” is used in a similar manner to “must have”, but in the negative. We use “can’t have” when we are fairly certain that something didn’t happen or wasn’t true in the past.

Examples:

	I know you love chocolate. It can’t have been easy to say “no” to that piece of cake.
	Frank failed the exam. He can’t have been paying attention in class.

They had a lot of work to do and little time. They can’t have finished everything.

Could have

“Couldn’t have” can be used instead of “can’t have”.

Examples:

	I know you love chocolate. It couldn’t have been easy to say “no” to that piece of cake.
	Frank failed the exam. He couldn’t have been paying attention in class.

They had a lot of work to do and little time. They couldn’t have finished everything.

“Could have” is also used to express that something was possible in the past, but in fact did not happen.

Examples:

	If it hadn’t stopped raining, the party could have been a disaster.
	She could have run faster, but she wanted to save her energy.

We could have bought a new car, but we decided to use the money to go on vacation.

“Could have”, in the affirmative, is similar to “might have” or “may have”, in that it expresses possibility in the past.

Examples:

	I think it could have worked, but we gave up too soon.
	They could have won if their star player hadn’t been injured.

I don’t know, it could have been different if you were there.

Should have/Ought to have

“Should have” and “ought to have” are used when something didn’t happen but it would have been better if it had. In the negative, these modals indicate that something happened but it would have been better if it hadn’t.

Examples:

	I told you, you should have studied more!
	Ben ought to have gone to the doctor sooner. Now they say it will be a month before he is fully recovered.

	We should have left earlier. Now we are going to be late.
	I shouldn’t have eaten that last cookie.

She shouldn’t have been angry, it wasn’t your fault.

Could Have Should Have Would Have Exercise 1

1. I ___________________________________ (buy) bread but I didn’t know we needed it. (past possibility)

2. We ___________________________________ (invite) so many people to our party! I’m worried that we won’t have enough room for everyone. (past negative advice / regret)

3. I ___________________________________ (start) saving money years ago! (past advice / regret)

4. We ___________________________________ (join) you at the restaurant, but we couldn’t get a babysitter. (past willingness)

5. The weather ___________________________________ (be) any worse! (past negative possibility)

6. I ___________________________________ (arrive) on time, even if I’d left earlier. There were dreadful traffic jams all the way. (past negative possibility)

7. They ___________________________________ (win) the football match, but John hurt his ankle. (past possibility)

8. Amanda ___________________________________ (finish) the work, but she felt ill and had to go home. (past willingness)

9. Lucy ___________________________________ (left) earlier. She missed her flight. (past advice / regret)

10. We ___________________________________ (finish) the game, even if we’d wanted to. It was raining very hard and we had to stop. (past negative possibility)

11. I ___________________________________ (eat) so much chocolate! I feel sick! (past negative advice / regret)

12. Luke ___________________________________ (pass) the exam if he’d studied a bit more. (past possibility)

13. John ___________________________________ (call) Amy, but he didn’t have her number. (past willingness)

14. You ___________________________________ (be) rude to him. He’s going to be really angry now. (past negative advice / regret)

15. She ___________________________________ (come) to the restaurant if she’d left work earlier. (past possibility)

16. You ___________________________________ (take) this job. I can see you’re not enjoying it. (past negative advice / regret)

17. The race was really difficult. She ___________________________________ (win) because she’s not fit enough. (past negative possibility)

18. Our neighbours ___________________________________ (cut) down the tree in their garden. It was a really beautiful tree. (past negative advice / regret)

19. The children ___________________________________ (do) their homework last night. Then they wouldn’t be panicking on the way to school. (past advice / regret)

20. I’m really cold! I ___________________________________ (bring) my coat. (past advice / regret) 21. I ___________________________________ (come) to see you! I didn’t know you were ill. (past willingness)

22. Andrew ___________________________________ (go) to Cambridge University, but he decided to travel instead. (past possibility)

23. They ___________________________________ (be) kinder to me. They were absolutely lovely. (past negative possibility)

24. You ___________________________________ (buy) some milk at the shops. We don’t have any milk. (past advice / regret)

25. They ___________________________________ (come) to have breakfast with us, but they went to bed too late the night before. (past willingness)

Answers: Could have should have would have 1. I could have bought bread but I didn’t know we needed it. (past possibility) 2. We shouldn’t have invited so many people to our party! I’m worried that we won’t have enough room for everyone. (past negative advice / regret) 3. I shouldn’t have started saving money years ago! (past advice / regret) 4. We would have joined you at the restaurant, but we couldn’t get a babysitter. (past willingness) 5. The weather couldn’t have been any worse! (past negative possibility) 6. I couldn’t have arrived on time, even if I’d left earlier. There were dreadful traffic jams all the way. (past negative possibility) 7. They could have won the football match, but John hurt his ankle. (past possibility) 8. Amanda would have finished the work, but she felt ill and had to go home. (past willingness) 9. Lucy should have left earlier. She missed her flight. (past advice / regret) 10. We couldn’t have finished the game, even if we’d wanted to. It was raining very hard and we had to stop. (past negative possibility) 11. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate! I feel sick! (past negative advice / regret) 12. Luke could have passed the exam if he’d studied a bit more. (past possibility) 13. John would have called Amy, but he didn’t have her number. (past willingness) 14. You shouldn’t have been rude to him. He’s going to be really angry now. (past negative advice / regret) 15. She could have come to the restaurant if she’d left work earlier. (past possibility) 16. You shouldn’t have taken this job. I can see you’re not enjoying it. (past negative advice / regret) 17. The race was really difficult. She couldn’t have won because she’s not fit enough. (past negative possibility) 18. Our neighbours shouldn’t have cut down the tree in their garden. It was a really beautiful tree. (past negative advice / regret) 19. The children should have done their homework last night. Then they wouldn’t be panicking on the way to school. (past advice / regret) 20. I’m really cold! I should have brought my coat. (past advice / regret) 21. I would have come to see you! I didn’t know you were ill. (past willingness) 22. Andrew could have gone to Cambridge University, but he decided to travel instead. (past possibility) 23. They couldn’t have been kinder to me. They were absolutely lovely. (past negative possibility) 24. You should have bought some milk at the shops. We don’t have any milk. (past advice / regret) 25. They would have come to have breakfast with us, but they went to bed too late the night before. (past willingness)